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The Odhner Arithmometer was a very successful pinwheel calculator invented in Russia in 1873 by W. T. Odhner, a Swedish immigrant. Its industrial production officially〔Trogemann G., Nitussov A.: ''Computing in Russia'', page 39-45, GWV-Vieweg, 2001, ISBN 3-528-05757-2〕 started in 1890 in Odhner's Saint Petersburg workshop. Even though the machine was very popular, the production only lasted thirty years until the factory was nationalised and closed down during the Russian revolution of 1917. From 1892 to the middle of the 20th century, independent companies were set up all over the world to manufacture Odhner's clones and, by the 1960s, with millions sold,〔 it became one of the most successful type of mechanical calculator ever designed. ==History== Odhner thought of his machine in 1871 while repairing a Thomas' Arithmometer (which was the only mechanical calculator in production at the time) and decided to replace its heavy, bulky Leibniz cylinder by a lighter, smaller pinwheel disk. This is why the two machines share the same name but look completely different. Odhner developed the first version of his mechanical calculator in 1873. In 1876, he agreed to build 14 machines for Ludvig Nobel, his employer at the time, which he delivered in 1877. He patented his original machine in several countries in 1878–1879 and an improved version of it in 1890. The serial production began with this improved machine in 1890. In 1891 Odhner opened a branch of his factory in Germany. Unfortunately, he had to sell it in 1892 to ''Grimme, Natalis & Co.'' because of the difficulty of having two manufacturing facilities so far apart. ''Grimme, Natalis & Co.'' started production in Braunschweig and sold their machines under the ''Brunsviga'' brand name〔 (Brunsviga is the Latin name of the town of Braunschweig〔David J. Shaw: ''The Cathedral Libraries Catalogue'', The British Library and the Bibliographical Society, 1998〕); they became very successful on their own. After Odhner's death, in 1905, his sons Alexander and Georg and son-in-law Karl Siewert continued the production and about calculators were made until the factory was nationalized during the Russian revolution and was forced to close down in 1918. This makes the Brunsviga arithmometer, with its 1892 start, the longest-lasting Odhner type calculator in production. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Odhner Arithmometer」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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